A review and evaluation of a literary text chosen by the student for an audience unfamiliar with it. Steinbeck - THE PEARL

A review and evaluation of a literary text chosen by the student for an audience unfamiliar with it. Steinbeck - THE PEARL -meant to be a short reviewJohn Steinbeck's "The Pearl" said to be "a brutal story with flashes of beauty" by the author himself, is a rather depressing novella about wealth and the evil it attracts despite those wanting to use it for the greater good.Written in 1944, it was influenced and inspired by a number of sources. The basic plot was adapted from the "Sea of Cortez" an earlier narrative Steinbeck wrote during the spring of 1940, an idyllic period of his life, when he and a friend sailed around the Baja region on the west coast of America. Steinbeck also used his own experiences and opinions in "The Pearl". After the success of "Grapes of Wrath" Steinbeck was subjected to hate mail, FBI scrutiny and slanderous criticism because of the revolutionary way he exposed the harsh reality of the imbalance of wealth in American society. This backlash of fame and fortune sent Steinbeck on a personal quest where he had to come to terms with what being wealthy and famous meant and he reali sed that he was dissatisfied with the growing dog-eat-dog capitalistic American attitude, the materialism that stemmed from it and as well as the pressure to support a system i.e132 Central Avenue, Salinas, California, the home ...the American government and society, that oppressed the poor. As a result of his personal questioning in addition to his more simplistic previous attempt, Steinbeck laid the foundation for "the Pearl". Through his story Steinbeck brings to light themes such as the human instinct of greed or selfishness, the corrupting influences of wealth, the advantages the wealthy have over the poor, importance of family or community and fighting for one's dreams."The Pearl" is often seen to be parable-like or allegorical in nature because of the morality underlying the story. However, being allegorical in...

Free Essays on Abortion In Modern Society

Pros and Cons of Abortion in Modern Society Introduction: â€Å"In 1973 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Roe vs. Wade (410 U.S. 113) that a right of personal privacy exists under the constitution and this right includes a woman’s decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy (Haas-Wilson, 140).† It was believed that this court ruling would end public debate over abortion. Instead, it has fueled controversy and debate, which have continued over the last thirty years. On one side, there are the pro-choice supporters. These individuals base their argument on a woman’s right to choose how and when she will reproduce. On the other side of this argument are pro-life supporters. They argue on the basis of morality and right to life for the unborn child. Somewhere in the middle of these two extremes is where most Americans fall. Those who are â€Å"on the fence† often qualify their support of abortion by the circumstances surrounding the pregnancy. In this essay, I will explore the three views of abortion and their e ffect on my personal opinion. First, I will discuss the history of abortion laws. Second, I will outline the reasons why women choose to have abortions. Third, I will explain the pro-choice argument. Fourth, I will explain the pro-life argument. Fifth, I will discuss the middle of the road views and their impact. Sixth, I will discuss my personal views on abortion. Seventh, and finally, I will conclude with a summary of my main points. History of Abortion: â€Å"The history of abortion law represents a complicated process of various tendencies working towards and against the legality of abortion (Deflem, 787).† Prior to the 1960’s, abortion was regulated as being a crime except in circumstances where the mother’s life was in danger. In some states, including Pennsylvania, however, this rare exception was not even cause for termination of pregnancy. In the 1960’s and 1970’s, several states passed more liberal ... Free Essays on Abortion In Modern Society Free Essays on Abortion In Modern Society Pros and Cons of Abortion in Modern Society Introduction: â€Å"In 1973 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Roe vs. Wade (410 U.S. 113) that a right of personal privacy exists under the constitution and this right includes a woman’s decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy (Haas-Wilson, 140).† It was believed that this court ruling would end public debate over abortion. Instead, it has fueled controversy and debate, which have continued over the last thirty years. On one side, there are the pro-choice supporters. These individuals base their argument on a woman’s right to choose how and when she will reproduce. On the other side of this argument are pro-life supporters. They argue on the basis of morality and right to life for the unborn child. Somewhere in the middle of these two extremes is where most Americans fall. Those who are â€Å"on the fence† often qualify their support of abortion by the circumstances surrounding the pregnancy. In this essay, I will explore the three views of abortion and their effect on my personal opinion. First, I will discuss the history of abortion laws. Second, I will outline the reasons why women choose to have abortions. Third, I will explain the pro-choice argument. Fourth, I will explain the pro-life argument. Fifth, I will discuss the middle of the road views and their impact. Sixth, I will discuss my personal views on abortion. Seventh, and finally, I will conclude with a summary of my main points. History of Abortion: â€Å"The history of abortion law represents a complicated process of various tendencies working towards and against the legality of abortion (Deflem, 787).† Prior to the 1960’s, abortion was regulated as being a crime except in circumstances where the mother’s life was in danger. In some states, including Pennsylvania, however, this rare exception was not even cause for termination of pregnancy. In the 1960’s and 1970’s, several states passed more liberal ...

How relative clauses are formed by this (Ki)swahili Essay

How relative clauses are formed by this (Ki)swahili - Essay Example A number of statistical observations have also been undertaken in the paper wherever relevant examples have been given. Herein, one needs to understand that the formation pattern of Kiswahili language is not like the European language where formation is based on one approach. The dependency of the noun class is highly on the morpheme when it comes to clause formation in Kiswahili language. Following are the two examples of clause formation in English language and Kiswahili language. It should be noted that the Kiswahili person was a former graduate student who was also paid an amount for helping the elicitation. It was made evident that for the need of reporting, a thorough closure of the language was needed. Therefore, Swahili was instructed to speak with a normal pace or preferably slow. This report has been directed towards the readers who have little or no language of the Swahili language. It will allow the readers to form a basis of analysis for the later part of the report. Speaking of morphology of the language, Swahili has three types of verb constructions. In order to quickly understand the way in which relative clauses are constructed, it is significant to understand the elements (Schadeberg, Mucanheia, & Heine, 2000). The tenses are marked as Na, li, taka, and si respectively. As per the mentioned study of (Schadeberg, Mucanheia, & Heine, 2000), it can be asserted that the elicitation used all the structures of the relative clause as mentioned above. However, the first structure of sentence remains missing from the elicitation. Most of the sentences from the elicitations used tenses for which it falls in the category of second sentence formation while remaining aligned with the C structure of the relative clause formation. Overall, while analyzing the sentences from the elicitation, it was noted that the first 85 sentences were formed by using the second type of clause formation. The relative clause in majority within the elicitation

Examining Barriers to effective physical health care management of Literature review

Examining Barriers to effective physical health care management of people with schizophrenia - Literature review Example same to different factors such as the association between mental and physical illnesses and the complications resulting from the mental illness itself following persistent use of medication. Schizophrenia patients and other mentally ill patients often suffer many physical health-related problems. Various studies on the interaction between physical health and mental health indicate psychiatric patients often endure physical health complications. In their article, Heggelund et al (2011) posited that most of the patients with Schizophrenia and major depression often suffer from cardiovascular and respiratory disease. The authours attribute the occurrence of these diseases in these patients to higher rates of smoking. In addition, Harrison and Gill (2010) suggest that the people with Schizophrenia experience poor dietary habits, poor living conditions and cognitive impairment among others. Heggelund et al. (2011) observed that patients suffering from Schizophrenia tended to gain weight and become obese. A research conducted by Brown and Mitchel (2012) showed that the incidence of obesity was high in Schizophrenia patients, accounting for up to 42% compared with 27% of the general population. The high percentage of Schizophrenia patients developing obese has thus been a key physical concern largely because it leads to the development of diabetes among other diseases. The tendency by the Schizophrenia patients to become obese has been attributed to different factors. In their article, Connolly and Kelly (2005) suggested that one of such factors is because the patients, in many cases, consume poor diets that are rich in fat and low fibre content without any consideration of the health implication. The authors also argue that these patients tend to lead a sedentary life, and this often reflects symptoms such as apathy and somnolence. The accumulation of calories in their bodies coupled with poor diet and lack of regular exercise serve as the predisposing factors for

Forensic Botany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Forensic Botany - Essay Example There are issues of specificity, profile complexity, and reproducibility that lead to the rejection of botanical evidence in courts. Moreover, a higher number of samples, translating to the urgency for analysis to yield quality and quantity have often yielded poor DNA making analysis less effective (Hall, Byrd, & Wiley InterScience, 2012). These factors usually introduce new challenges in the identification of evidence in forensic botany. Scientists have identified the fact that most of the evidence comes in mixed proportions, complicating the analysis process. Therefore, this heightens the need to develop techniques that have the potential of sorting out the mixed samples to present specific evidence. Such effective methods will help investigators rely on botanical evidence that is subject to being discarded in the current days. The development of numerous techniques used in DNA profiling has served to lay a hope for the possibility of better approaches of identification that yield evidence that is dependable in courts. Apparently, an effective DNA analysis technique for use in forensic botany must meet certain requirements. The approach must have the potential of establishing distinct differences between individual species irrespective of a high correlation. Moreover, it should have the capacity to handle robust amounts of samples (Bock, & Norris, 2008). An additional requirement of immense criticality is the fact that the technique must exhibit the potential of positively analyzing degraded plant materials. Although scientists have made progress in developing tools with the capacity to satisfy the above described requirements, only a few of the developed techniques have the potential of meeting all the... The development of numerous techniques used in DNA profiling has served to lay a hope for the possibility of better approaches to identification that yield evidence that is dependable in courts. Apparently, an effective DNA analysis technique for use in forensic botany must meet certain requirements. The approach must have the potential of establishing distinct differences between individual species irrespective of a high correlation. Moreover, it should have the capacity to handle robust amounts of samples. An additional requirement of immense criticality is the fact that the technique must exhibit the potential of positively analyzing degraded plant materials. Although scientists have made progress in developing tools with the capacity to satisfy the above-described requirements, only a few of the developed techniques have the potential of meeting all the requirements. However, the short tandem repeats (STRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Moreover, bar coding has emer ged for better analysis in the future.Specialists are usually very keen in making sure that collection of samples follows a standard procedure. The collection is a critical step because the seizure of the samples of interest occurs at this point. Prior to the collection of the intended samples, there is a need for a specialist to embark on an effective recognition procedure, before collection of the sample accurate recognition serves as the initial step in the dependence of forensic botany in identifying any sort of crime.

Assessing Selective Human Genetic Engineering

Assessing Selective Human Genetic Engineering Nora Sheskey Selective Genetic Engineering For millions of years, genetic selection has been the result of natural selection. Who someone is, natural abilities, physical characteristics, and a wide range of other personal attributes were the result of genetic recombination and accidental mutation. Furthermore, children are often born with hereditary conditions which are set by factors we have no control over. However, the advent of modern medicine has brought us to the brink of a time when we can choose to redirect nature and repair maladies in children, where we can artificially modify the very codes which guide their looks, which diseases they are resistant to, and even their personalities. Considering the facts concerning genetic engineering, the benefits which can be achieved far outweigh the potential risks with regard to both the reduction in human suffering and the likely increase in lifespan. The opponents of human genetic engineering often refer to a number of dangers involved in artificially manipulating genetic codes which result in such medical issues as Down’s syndrome, Hemophilia, and even anxiety and stress. With the completion of the Genome project, we can now more accurately map the human DNA than ever before, identifying the locations of defects that cause many of the maladies that have plagued mankind for millennia. Opponents of genetic manipulation are quick to point out that a slight error in the manipulation process can result in changing other sequences that could result in unforeseen and undesired effects. For instance, researcher Russell Powell has speculated that human genetic engineering might result in a lower genetic diversity which could lead to future generations that are more prone to having some types of diseases and which could, potentially, lead to the human race becoming extinct. Part of his research showed how genetic manipulation of cr ops in order to increase the availability of desirable crops increased the likelihood of catastrophic crop failure due to those crops becoming less genetically diverse over time and having reduced resistance to environmental factors which a wider genetic base would have prevented. He studied how such factors led to the nineteenth century Irish Potato Famine and how the organism Phytophthora was able to decimate much of the potato crop in Ireland due to this reduction in genetic diversity because of the farming methods in use in that region during that period of history. His research demonstrates that by reducing human genetic diversity through such techniques as genetic manipulation those human beings could set themselves up for a similar fate (Powell, R. 2012, pp. 204-5). Also, the work of Charles Gillespie, et. al., into how genetics affect the human stress response found that stress related genetic mutations in developing human fetuses increased the individual’s susceptibi lity to disorders such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder later in life. They found that natural genetic manipulation due to a change in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal balance lead to an increase in susceptibility to stress related disorders in the associated human beings (Gillespie, C. F., 2009, p. 990). Opponents of genetic manipulation point out that accidentally manipulating the incorrect gene sequences could result in the same type of condition. Opponents use facts such as these in their outspoken aversion to the practice. Proponents of genetic engineering rebut the opponents by pointing out that the benefits of curing medical issues like Down’s syndrome and Hemophilia far outweigh the possible risks. They counter the opposition with a number of research studies. As part of his research, Powell determined that human genetic diversity is due to a combination of both mutation and recombination (Powell, R. 2012, pp. 215). He found that a number of different phenotypes can result from a single genotype which led him to conclude that accidental activation of inactive or incorrect sequences is unlikely to produce feared dramatic issues often spoken of by human genetic manipulation opponents. Additionally, he found that focusing on only DNA adaptive variation involved in human genetic manipulation would not result in an extensive homogenization of the human DNA feared by opponents and that other environmental factors play a significant part in human genetic diversity (Powell, R. 2012, pp. 207-8). In ad dition, Gordon and Hen found that properly utilized genetic manipulation can provide many useful results with an acceptable margin of safety. They studied twins to determine how anxiety response is genetically associated and how DNA sequencing and correction could help to treat the condition. They document that comparisons of fraternal and identical twins showed that 30% to 50% of risk of developing anxiety disorders comes from genetic factors with the remainder being attributed to environmental causes. They also used studies of rats and mice to show that anxiety is a genetic condition and could be treatable using genetic manipulation techniques (Gordon, J. A., Hen, R., 2004, pp. 195-6) Opponents of human genetic engineering further turn to natural selection in their opposition to the practice. They point out that altering how nature and evolution have brought things about can have unintended consequences. As evidence of this, they look at the research of Richard A. Miller. Miller found that manipulating certain genes associated with aging in what he refers to as UM-HET3 mice, a group of 1800 specimens, sometimes actually shortened rather than lengthened the average lifespan as well as hastened the onset of reduced cognitive abilities in the mice which received such treatments. He additionally found that when other specific genetic sequences were modified, the result was an increase in the occurrence of and age at which cancer occurred in some cases. His research also showed that not only could the aging process be sped up due to genetic manipulation but could also increase the severity of old age issues. Additionally, some of the traits which occurred later in life could not be detected in the early stages of life. Miller found that these traits affected a number of aspects such as bones, eyes, hormones, weight, and what kills the individual. Miller eventually admits that there are things which nature has brought about which we cannot yet reproduce in the laboratory and opponents of genetic manipulation question if such research is worth the risks (Miller, R.A., 2005, pp.S284-5) Opponents of genetic engineering also refer to the work of Brown who examined that practice from a viewpoint of Rawlsian Justice. He points out that such a practice still needs to be considered from both a moral and a legal framework. He states that â€Å"The important point is that until now, theories of justice have regarded one’s genetic endowment as a fixed fact of nature rather than as a matter of justice.† He indicates that manipulating individuals alters their right to have an equal claim to the same equalities and fair equalities as others. The o pponents of genetic manipulation take the viewpoint that altering who has what rights is inherently wrong and does not actually improve the overall human condition (Brown, 2007, pp. 83-84) Proponents of human genetic engineering, on the other hand, believe that we, as human beings, are finally able to improve on that which nature has brought about after millions of years of evolution. They point out that nature has evolved such things as cancer and shortened lifespans in their support for genetic manipulation. They also look to the work of Miller and say that in spite of some cases where the lifespan was indeed shortened that in many other cases the lifespan is nonetheless longer. Their viewpoint is that by performing an analysis of the differences between DNA of the long and short lived mice that researchers will be able to eventually track down which genes do lead to longer lives. Miller himself states that there are genes which influence the age at which the various mice die, such as a pair of genes on chromosomes 2 and 16, which lead to mice living up to 173 days longer than mice that do not have this particular DNA sequence. Likewise, Miller states that there are also DNA sequences which also affect the age at which certain cancers occur in some of the mice in his study. He goes on to say that his research indicates that there may be â€Å"a specific aging process that we can learn enough about to modify or prevent.† Miller ends his paper by stating â€Å"Will genetic manipulation or pharmacologic agents suggested by genetic research offer a realistic possibility of life expectancy at birth of 110 or 120 or more years? Twenty years ago, this was a science fiction question, but no more, and it is interesting to speculate based on current evidence. I believe the answer is yes.† (Miller, R.A., 2005, pp. S284-5) After having examined information from both those opposed to and those in favor of human genetic manipulation, we can most certainly say that both sides have some strong arguments in favor of their viewpoints. Those opposed to the practice would appear to come from a traditional perspective, fearing the changes necessary in order to make the necessary strides that will be required in order to bring about substantial gains to be realized from genetic engineering. Taking history as a guiding principle, they see how the best intentions often result in severe negative results before gains can be realized. They see in the work of researchers like Gordon and Hen, Miller, Powell, and Gillespie the backing to state that the possible gains are either not possible or are not warranted by the necessary costs that will be imposed. The proponents of the practice of human genetic engineering believe that any time we can relieve human suffering and eradicate disease that the benefits outweigh the c osts. They are motivated by the belief that any change which improves the human condition is worth the risks and that any time we can repair genetic defects that we are doing humanity a much needed service, even when that service means that we alter the very codes which determine who a person is. They acknowledge the risks posed but believe that a future without birth defects, without Down’s syndrome, and without other such genetically linked issues is worth risking for. They find in the works of Miller, Powell, Gillespie, and Gordon and Hen an exciting roadmap to a world where human suffering based on the genetic structure has been eliminated. Personally, I am inclined to agree with those who say that we must go boldly forward and take the necessary risks in order to improve the human condition in every way possible. History has shown us that such journeys are not without risk but almost always inevitably prove beneficial to future generations. If we are to let fear guide us, we would have never developed such medical miracles as penicillin, the polio vaccine, or the heart transplant. No valiant effort in human history has ever come without costs and moving forward with research in genetic manipulation is sure to impose upon mankind the same kinds of costs imposed by the research of Pasteur, Salk, and Fleming. Mankind has never been the type to simply not advance and the next frontier would appear to be human genetic engineering. In conclusion, we have finally come to an age in human history where we can choose to modify the very codes that define who we are and how we develop. We can decide whether to allow such disorders as Down’s syndrome, Hemophilia, and severe anxiety to continue to plague the human race. The advent of modern medicine has brought us to the brink of a time when we can choose to redirect nature and repair maladies in children, modifying the very codes which guide their looks, which diseases they are resistant to, and even their personalities. The opponents of genetic manipulation believe that the risks involved far outweigh the potential gains. The proponents believe that we cannot let fear hold us back from improving the human condition in any way we can. So, considering the facts concerning genetic engineering, we can at this point say that based on the research and evidence at hand, the benefits which can be achieved far outweigh the potential risks with regard to both the reduct ion in human suffering and the likely increase in lifespan. Works Cited Brown, J. S. (2001). Genetic Manipulation in Humans as a Matter of Rawlsian Justice. Social Theory and Practice, 27(1), 83-110. Gillespie, C. F, Gillespie, J, Phifer, B, et al. (2009). Risk and resilience: Genetic and environmental influences on development of the stress response. Depression and anxiety (1091-4239), 26(11), 984-992. Gordon, J. A., Hen, R. (2004). Genetic Approaches to the Study of Anxiety. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27(1), 193-222. Miller, R A. (2005). Genetic Approaches to the Study of Aging. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53S284-S286. Powell, R. (2012). The Evolutionary Biological Implications of Human Genetic Engineering. Journal of Medicine Philosophy, 37(3), 204-225.   

Lowering the Drinking Age to Eighteen Essays -- essays research papers

In 1984 Transportation Secretary Elizabeth Dole lobbied for all states to raise the legal drinking age from eighteen to twenty-one. The consequence for a state not raising the age was to lose a portion of their federal highway funding. I personally believe that the drinking age being twenty-one is just like when the voting age was twenty-one, if I can go to war and die for my country, then I should be able to go to the bar and buy a beer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the biggest problems in our society is under age drinking. They tell us how we aren’t allowed to drink, that we aren’t old enough or mature enough to do it, but the more adults talk about it, the more teenagers want to do it. When a kid goes off to college, it’s expected that he is going to drink. Since most kids don’t know what a hangover feels like, or what it’s like to get the spins, they don’t know their limits and when they need to stop. That is when you get people doing stupid things because they don’t know any better. The most important thing for a young drinker to know is his or her limit. Any eighteen year old can drink responsibly if they have a little bit of experience. Unfortunately most parents don’t want their kids to drink, so we have to learn the hard way without anyone there to tell us to slow down or to stop. For some kids that means getting sick one night and realizing that they shou ldn’t drink that much next time, but for some others the idea just never hits them, and they drink too much and that is when the trouble starts. Last Saturday night a friend of mine drank too much while she was out camping. She started to pass out and was puking all over herself. The more experienced kids in the group realized that she was in trouble and they rushed her back to campus where we were able to get her cleaned off and taken care of for the night.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people argue that when the drinking age was raised to twenty-one, that alcohol related deaths among people under twenty-one dropped from 43% to 21%. What they don’t tell you is that alcohol related deaths among people between the ages of twenty-one and twenty-five went up almost as much as the other group went down. Experience is the biggest tool in fighting the problems with underage drinking. The kid who goes to college without ever having gotten drunk is going to go all out at his or her first par... ...er curfews or can stay at a friend’s house. This next piece of information is based on my personal opinion and experiences. For a high school student, alcohol is very hard to get. Some kids get lucky and have older siblings or friends who will buy it for them. For almost everyone else at that age, alcohol is not a big part of their everyday life, and they turn to a much easier to get substance. Marijuana is one of the most commonly used drugs by high school students. It is a lot easier to get than alcohol, and for most kids it doesn’t seem as dangerous. You don’t wake up with a hangover, and you aren’t as impaired as you are when you are drunk. Most kids will drive when they are high and not even think twice about it. There are many reasons why the drinking age should be lowered to eighteen, and there are many reasons why it should stay twenty-one. There is proof that both sides of the argument work. In other countries without a drinking age or with a lowered one, you don’t hear about as many drunk driving accidents as you do in the United States. Maybe the drinking in the U.S. is just like the violence, as Michael Moore put it, what’s so different about us that makes it happen?

Caste System in India and Social Status Essay

What night is donned upon my nation, lord? â€Å"Atleast she has an employment guarantee.† â€Å"Even if the employment is manual scavenging† â€Å"Someone will do it, why not she† â€Å"She is a little child. She also has a right to education and decent livelihood.† Ah! I then realized what void argument have I given. Who will provide them education and what will it fetch them? â€Å"She is anyway having two meals.† And yes so true is that. Food is much more important than dignity. Even if they are maltreated it is their destiny. The concept of destiny has always remained a puzzle to me. And this destiny is based on the social status of their parents. Yesterday there was a shraaddh ceremony in my village. It is organised to worship, to acknowledge our ancestors. Therefore I made a rare visit to my village. While serving the food I saw two little girls, wearing tattered clothes and with unkempt hairs. On enquiring I came to know that they belonged to scheduled caste. One of my cousins told me that they are engaged in cleaning others’ excreta manually. I could not believe it. They were barely 5-6 years old. I was astonished at the fact that how agreeingly they had given in to the social discrimination. I gave them a sympathetic look but they didn’t react. They didn’t care about by compassion, they just wanted food. My sympathy would not satisfy their hunger and hunger is the m ost prominent feeling they have. They don’t need dignity or education which will not bring them food. They don’t care if they have to clean gutters or do manual scavenging. They are not aware of their rights under Article 15, Article 17, Article 21A or Article 24 and they don’t give a damn to it. I wonder if the twinkling of stars ever reach their eyes. The time running on our wrists seems frozen in their eyes. How hopeless seem their eyes! They don’t question anyone. But once you see them it is impossible to escape (Tears fill my eyes). I wish the oppressor would also look at them once. We have made their life so blunt. Its a crime, I tell you people, it is a crime to kill even the hope of hopes. And then they talk about religion. What religion? Whose caste and cultures? Is God only of the rich and powerful? Do the oppressed have no God? A sin it is. I speculated if they were also acknowledging their ancestors these days. What will they thank them for? Poverty and gloom is their inheritance and ignominy their heritage. Even after spending their entire life doing these odd jobs they gain nothing and remain trapped in this vicious circle. Nothing changes and generations after generations exhaust their life in it. Will someone come to their rescue? When I went to serve them meal I was precautioned many times by my kins to be very careful about keeping the utensils substantially far to keep them (obviously utensils) â€Å"clean†. Even after continually encountering social seclusion they remained undeterred. â€Å"You should be grateful and proud that you are born in human race, in a hindu family and that too in a BRAHMIN family.† According to my family being born in a BRAHMIN family was the biggest achievement of my life. But after seeing what I had lately seen these declarations seem so hollow. I feel pity, I feel guilty for being a brahmin. Where is humanity, God? â€Å"What night is donned upon my country, lord?† Night which gets darker with the sunrise (as its the time to make the world cleaner and their life dirtier). Now the question arises is that how will it change? And more importantly who will bring the change? The more I try to find the answers the more disheartened I am. Who will provide an answer? Politicians- Though the law considers all the people equal but law-keepers don’t. If the casteism and thus untouchability ends, how will their shops run? How will they gain votes by dividing the society? They would not let this stigma end. Education- Even if they go to schools they will be discriminated and secluded. That learning has no meaning which leaves them despondent and unemployed. There is no use of education unless it is free and practical. Bureaucrats- Most of the officials are ignorant and indifferent towards these people though many people from their community are obtaining significant positions. They do little or nothing to improve the condition of these people. Government policies- It is well-known that policies are never rightly implemented in India. Reservation is a fine example. The prosperous are the beneficiaries whereas the poor remain poor and needy remain needy. Common people- It is the foremost responsibility of privileged castes to be humane. I often think if really there is some God we would be punished, our life can’t be so perfect (though it really is not). I would like to summarise my message as FEAR NONE BUT GOD. However I often doubt the presence of God. I really can’t follow a religion which renders people hopeless and suppress their rights. My conscience is my God. And for the unprivileged sections, â€Å"God helps those who help themselves.† So be courageous, be aware and send your children to schools rather than to clean gutters as it is not only about them but even the fore coming generations. Education is much more important than a little more money. I won’t end it on a sad note. The morning of this dark night will definitely come. I urge the people in power to visit these people and see how they have given up the hope to rise, how the dogmas of caste has ran down to their veins. And I request the advantaged sections to restudy the vedas and let these people choose. Make humanity your religion. And do remember that you are not following the Brahmin rules, so don’t push them back. I challenge you to beg for living before pressurising the oppressed to do this inhuman work. Rise! O rise! Before you fall. Let the positivity penetrate into their skin and get to their blood. Let them live before they die. Provide them opportunities to learn the magic of words. Give them a fair chance to realise their potential and talents and choose their work so that Ambedkar becomes their soul and they his shadow. â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦This division of labour is not spontaneous; it is not based on natural aptitudes. Social and individual efficiency requires us to develop the capacity of an individual to the point of competency to choose and to make his own career. This principle is violated in the Caste System, in so far as it involves an attempt to appoint tasks to individuals in advance—selected not on the basis of trained original capacities, but on that of the social status of the parents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..† – B.R. Ambedkar

Nbp Internship Report Essays

Nbp Internship Report Essays Nbp Internship Report Essay Nbp Internship Report Essay Management Theory Practices by Robbins 7th Edition VI. Investment by Charles P. Jones 12th Edition VII. Mr. Azeem (Teacher N. K FACT) VIII. Mr. F. R Tariq (Teacher N. K FACT) IX. Mr Ayub (Branch Manager DHA) X. Fundamental of Financial Management by James C. Van John Wachowicz 12th Edition XI. Corporate Finance by Brealey Myers AIOU T-520728 1 Annexes Corporate Information Board of Directors Chairman President Syed Ali Raza Muhammed Ayub Khan Tarin Sikandar Hayat Jamali Azam Faruque Mian Kausar Hameed Ibrar A. Mumtaz Tariq Kirmani Muhammed Arshad Chaudhry Audit Committee Chairman Azam Faruque Ibrar A. Mumtaz Mian Kausar Hameed Auditors Chartered Accountants Ford Rhodes Sidat Hyder Co. Chartered Accountants M. Yousaf Adil Saleem Co. Legal Advisors Advocates Legal Consultants Mandviwala Zafar Registered Head Office NBP Building I. I. Chundrigar Road, Karachi Pakistan Wesbsite www. Nbp. com. pk AUDITORS’ REPORT TO THE MEMBERS We have audited the annexed balance sheet of National Bank of Pakistan (the Bank) as at December 31,2007 and the related profit AIOU T-520728 2 nd loss account, cash flow statement and statement of changes in equitytogether with the notes forming part thereof (here-in-after referred to as the ‘financial statements’) for theyear then ended, in which are incorporated the unaudited certified returns from the branches except for sixtybranches which have been audited by us and twelve branches audited by auditors abroad and we state thatwe have obtained all the information and explanations which, to the best of our knowledge and belief, werenecessary for the purposes of our audit. It is the responsibility of the Bank’s Board of Directors to establish and maintain a system of internal control,and prepare and present the financial statements in conformity with approved accounting standards and therequirements of the Banking Companies Ordinance, 1962 (LVII of 1962), and the Companies Ordinance,1984 (XLVII of 1984). Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the International Standards on Auditing as applicable in Pakistan. These standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of any material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting policies and significant estimates made by management, as well as, evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion and after due verification, which in case of loans and advances covered more than sixty percent of the total loans and advances of the Bank, we report that: (a) In our opinion proper the Bank as required by the Companies Ordinance, 1984 (XLVII of 1984) has kept books of account and the returns referred to above received from the branches have (b) In our opinion: AIOU T-520728 3 I) The balance sheet and profit and loss account together with the notes thereon have been drawn up in conformity with the Banking Companies Ordinance, 1962 (LVII of 1962), and the Companies Ordinance, 1984 (XLVII of 1984), and are in agreement with the books of account and are further in accordance with accounting policies consistently applied; (ii) the expenditure incurred during the year was for the purpose of the Bank’s business; and (iii) The business conducted, investments made and the expenditure incurred during the year were i n accordance with the objects of the Bank and the transactions of the Bank which have come to our notice have been within the powers of the Bank; (c) in our opinion and to the best of our information and according to the explanations given to us the balance sheet, profit and loss account, cash flow statement and statement of changes in equity together with the notes forming part thereof conform with approved accounting standards as applicable in Pakistan and give the information required by the Banking Companies Ordinance, 1962(LVII of 1962), and the Companies Ordinance, 1984 (XLVII of 1984), in the manner so required and give a true and fair view of the state of the Bank’s affairs as at December 31, 2007 and its true balance of the profit, its cash flows and changes in equity for the year then ended; and ASSETS National Bank of Pakistan Categories of shareholders AIOU T-520728 4 Particulars Percentage Shareholders GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN THE PRESIDENT OF PAKISTAN STATE BANK O F PAKISTAN ASSOCIATED COMPANIES NIT ICP BANKS, DFI NBFI INSURANCE COMPANIES MODARABAS MUTUAL FUNDS GENERAL PUBLIC (LOCAL) GENERAL PUBLIC (FOREIGN) OTHERS 301 22. 6250 FOREIGN COMPANIES COMPANY TOTAL 2 2 1 2 3 62 25 74 9355 241 .3251 . 0778 75. 1979 . 0006 . 5524 3. 0639 2. 7156 4. 4091 3. 8406 . 1305 54 7. 0609 10122 100. 0000 AIOU T-520728 5 Objective of studying the organization The following are the main objectives of studying the organization My Objective is to get maximum information about the National Bank of Pakistan regarding: Finance system of organization Accounting system of organization Get information about organization structure of NBP In finance system the purpose is to make financial analysis of bank balance sheet income statement to check the true position of the bank worth and its creditability in market through different analysis like as: Ratio analysis Profit analysis Vertical analysis Horizontal analysis AIOU T-520728 6 In Accounting system of the organization we study how the accounting networks operate in NBP what kind of accounting software operate in head office other branches across the country. Another purpose is to study the organizational structure of NBP and getting information about: How many branches around the country and outside the country. What is the structure of branch What is the organ gram of bank AIOU T-520728 7 Objectives National bank of Pakistan believes in the phrase â€Å" increase profitability and increase earning per share. Its objective is to enhance its investment and excellence in services products and services. Service excellence is one of the objectives of NBP. Bank focus is on Foreign Trade as primary niche of business. NBP objective is the complete automation and computerization of all of its banking activities. They are committed to put all their energies, resources and time to bring higher value And satisfaction to their customers, employees and shareholders. The introduction and development of innovative financial instrument will be another major objective of National bank of Pakistan. Core values Highest standards of integrity Institutionalizing a team work and performance culture Excellence in service Advancement of skills for tomorrow challenges AIOU T-520728 8 Value creation for all stakeholders Awareness of social and community responsibility AIOU T-520728 9 Overview of the organization History: NBP was established under the National Bank of Pakistan Ordinance 1949 in Pakistan. Special Role of NBP occupies a unique position in the financial sector of Pakistan. It acts as an agent of the Central Bank wherever the State Bank does not have its own Branch. It also undertakes Government Treasury operations. Ownership: NBP is 100% owned by the Government of Pakistan (GoP). Branch Network NBP has an extensive domestic branch network of over 1500 branches located all over Pakistan. The Bank also has a presence in 24 international locations including the USA, United Kingdom, Europe and the Far East. Deposits NBP holds 24. 6% share of time and demand deposits in the country. Local currency deposits comprise 67% of bank’s total deposits while foreign currency deposits account for the rest. Assets NBP’s total assets stood at PKR350 billion on December 1999. This included total earning assets of about PKR268 billion with gross loan portfolio of PKR140 billion. The bank also has an investment portfolio of PKR91 billion, which comprises treasury securities, corporate bonds, shares and other securities. Equity: As of December 1999 NBP had a paid-up capital of PKR1. 46 billion divided into 146 million shares of 10 rupees each. Total shareholders’ equity was PKR10 billion, however, revaluation reserve has increased shareholders’ funds to PKR16 billion. NBP AIOU T-520728 10 NBP HISTORY NBP continued its journey of success based on our strategy of serving clients better a company agile enough to take advantage of its unique domestic and international footprint, capitalizing on the largest balance sheet and customer base in Pakistan with high cross sell potential. Our standalone AAA rating (the highest in the industry), our RoE, which is amongst the highest in the Asian banking industry, and our comfortable capital adequacy ratios, position us well in front of our competitors for future growth. Year 2007 has been an outstanding year with the bank recording the highest profit in its history. Our wide range of product offering, large branch network and committed workforce are some of our fundamental strengths that enabled us to achieve exceptional results in a very competitive market. The pre-tax profit increased to Rs. 28. 06 billion, an increase of 6. 6% over last year. Earning per share jumped by over 11. 7% from Rs. 20. 88 in 2006 to Rs. 23. 34 in 2007. Pre- tax return on equity stood at 45. 9%, whereas pre-tax return on assets stands at 4. 1% and cost to income ratio of 0. 30 remained one of the highest in the sector. These results were possible despite the fact that NBP had to make additional provision of over Rs. 3 billion as a result of withdrawal of Forced AIOU T-520728 11 Sales Value (FSV). This year NBP also availed the offer to redeem up to 10% of its holding in NIT Units held by the bank under Letter of Comfort (LoC) arrangement, this sell off resulted in a Capital gain of Rs. 1. 8 billion. Increase in pre-tax profit was achieved through strong growth in core banking income. Net Interest income increased by Rs. 3. 5 billion (11. 5%) due to better yields and volume driven growth spurred by increase in consumer loan portfolio. Dividend income and Capital Gains also made a healthy contributions it increased by Rs. 371 million and Rs. ,145 million over 2006 respectively mainly owing to higher dividends from NIT Units as well as Capital gains recorded on sell of 10% NIT Units. Advances increased by Rs. 25 billion due to impressive contribution by all business units. Deposits increased by a heal thy Rs. 90 billion or 18% over last year. The banks NPL provision coverage ratio also stands at an impressive 84%. AIOU T-520728 12 Business volume Five year performance at a glance (In millions) Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Deposits 395,492 465,492 463,427 501,872 591,908 Advances 161,266 220,794 268,839 316,110 340,677 Revenue 24,544 29,204 43,058 56,263 64,114 AIOU T-520728 13 Product lines CONSUMER BANKING Current account Foreign Currency Account PLS account Rupees Travelers Checks Defence Saving Certificates Monthly Income Account Money Gram Safe Deposit Lockers Home finance NBP karobar NBP kissan dost NBP cash card CORPORATE BANKING Current accounts Foreign currency accounts Clearing Funds transfer Trade services Overdraft facilities Term loans Project financing Agriculture financing Industrial financing AIOU T-520728 14 CONSUMER FINANCING Car financing NBP debit cards Personal loan Housing finance NBP rozgaar NBP advance salary ELECTRONIC BANKING ATM Online Banking Phone Banking E-Banking AIOU T-520728 15 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Organizational Structure describes the rganization’s formal framework or system of communication and authority. In other words, the organization structure sets forth each principal, management position and helps to define authority, responsibility and accountability. An organization chart is essential to the development of a cost system and cost repo rts which indicates the responsibilities of individuals for implementing management plans. In NBP President / CEO is the head of the bank, ie State management, Finance, Technical, Operations, HR Admin and Corporate affairs. So Senior Executive Vice President (SEVP) who are the head of these units generally reports directly to the President. The main purpose of NBP is allowing them to effectively and efficiently accomplish organizational goals and objectives. Designing an appropriate structure means that managers must decide how to coordinate work activities and efforts both vertically and horizontally. AIOU T-520728 16 AIOU T-520728 17 Branch organgram CHIEF MANAGER / BRANCH MANAGER Manger Operations Manager International Banking Manger Credits Accounts Departmen t Imports Departmen t Leasing Departmen t Cash Departmen t Exports Department Home finance Department Account opening Department Foreign Exchange Department Remittances Department Car finance Departmen Credit card Departmen t Internal Audit Department Marketing Department Clearing Department AIOU T-520728 18 REGIONAL OFFICES 1 Karachi (south) 2 Karachi (west) 3 Hyderabad 4 Larkana 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Sukkur Quetta Gawadar Lahore (east) Lahore (central) Gujranwala Sialkot Faisalabad Jhang Sargodha Multan 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Bhalwalpur Dera shazi khan Sahieal Federal Islamabad Rawalpindi Jhelum Gujrat Gilgit Peshawar Mardan Dera ismail khan Abottabad Muzaffarabad Mirpur capital Web site: www. Nbp. com. pk AIOU T-520728 19 18 OVERSEAS BRANCHES United states of America France Germany Bahrin Turkmenistan Pakistan epz Afghanistan 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 Bangladesh Republic of korea Kyrgyzstan Japan Hong kong Azerbaijan 2 1 1 2 2 1 AIOU T-520728 20 REVIEW OF VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS OF THE ORGANIZATION IN TERMS OF THEIR FUNCTIONS AND RESPONSINILITIES Corporate Banking The Corporate Banking Group achieved excellent results in 2007 with a number of land mark transactions in cement, energy, communication and fertilizer sectors. In addition to the funded income our corporate and investment banking has substantially increased its fee base income this year by being the lead advisor in a number of transactions in the Corporate world of Pakistan. The challenges to corporate business in year 2007 were manifold, including reduction in private credit investment as a result of slowing down of economy as well as rising interest rates. The increasing pressure on the textile industry reduced the lending to this sector. In addition the bank’s corporate loans yields also faced pressure as substitute form of funding sources are available in the market in form of Islamic financing, mutual funds, issuance of debt instruments like TFCs and Bonds and the Capital markets. AIOU T-520728 21 Despite these threats and challenges at NBP our corporate team not only increased the volume as well as the yield of the loans they also maintained a strong franchise with the leading Pakistani corporate so as to ensure that NBP not only maintains its market share but is in a position to meet any challenges in future. NBP during the year also participated in a number of TFC issues and mutual funds subscriptions thereby increasing the overall yield on investment portfolio. NBP has the largest equity portfolio in the banking sector primarily due to 27% holding in NIT units, the largest mutual fund in Pakistan. During the year the bank redeemed 10% of its NIT holding covered under LoC , which resulted in capital gain of Rs. 1. 8 billion. AIOU T-520728 22 Retail Banking NBP Karobar’ under the â€Å"President’s Rozgar Scheme† recorded excellent growth after its full launch in April 2007. This is a unique product launched to tap into the un- banked and actually the so poor people of Pakistan and targeted towards the unemployed youths aged between 18 to 45 years. This product not only serves the bank’s commercial strategy but is also an effort toward poverty alleviation in the country. It is a unique Public – Private partnership where debt servicing is shared by the government, as well as providing free life and disability insurance. The portfolio at year end was over Rs. 2 billion. The target is almost 1. 8 million customers in the next five years. There are exciting new income generating products in the pipelines to achieve the targets of NBP. The income generation targeted is in excess of ten thousand rupees net per month for each customer. The bank plans on disbursing almost Rs 100 billion which will touch the lives of almost thirty million citizens. The flagship NBP ‘Advance Salary’ product continued to grow in 2007 and maintained its position as the single largest product in the country with its accumulated disbursement crossing Rs. 115 billion. The number of organizations whose employees are entitled to avail this scheme is gradually being increased ensuring continued growth. The latest addition is the Pakistan Army and the target is almost half a million new customers in the next three years in addition to the AIOU T-520728 23 existing base of one million satisfied customers approximately. Our retail banking is expanding its reach to its diversified customer base by offering new services and products through new delivery channels so as to minimize counter traffic, increase product offering and reduce administrative costs. NBP Saibaan is a home equity loan product that was introduced in August 2003. Loans, are available to Pakistani residents to finance the purchase, construction or renovation of a home, as well as for the purchase of land and the subsequent construction of a home thereon. We are the only bank in Pakistan to offer home equity loans throughout the country. NBP Saiban has witnessed growth of 77% in 2007, one of the highest in the sector. The development of alternate delivery channels, use of I. T. , and leveraging large customer base for cross selling potential are the key strategies of NBP for increasing its retail business. NBP holds 16% market share in the consumer loan business and we aim to increase it gradually without compromising on the quality of portfolio. Our call center is a value addition in the customer services and provides overall support to our retail products. It is a unique technology as it is not service provider specific and free calls can be made to the NBP ‘Help Line† on 0800 800 80 from any land or cell phone in the country AIOU T-520728 24 Commercial Banking We plan to establish commercial centers across the country looking at the business potential in the area, size of the branch and its capabilities to deliver the desired service in order to attract quality customers. The objective is to target the untapped sectors and provide them professional quality service, through one window operations and Relationship Managers stationed at those centers. We expect and hope to reduce the turn around time and become more competitive and market oriented. Further this customer friendly and dedicated set up at convenient locations would help in improving the image of the Bank as well. These Centers would work in conjunction with the existing set–up of Commercial Lending done throughout the NBP branch network. The main purpose of these centers is to generate ancillary business in addition to funded and non funded facilities, with quick turn around time in decisions for customer satisfaction. AIOU T-520728 25 Agriculture department NBP remains the largest agriculture lender in the banking sector in Agriculture with approximately 300,000 borrowers and gross disbursement of Rs. 2 Billion during the financial Year 2006-2007. Our vast domestic branch network having 45% branches in rural areas and unique Product offering under the banner of â€Å"Kissan Dost† provides us competitive edge over our peer banks. Our specialized Agricul ture, Filed Officers, being Agriculture graduates are trained to understand the needs and limitations of our borrowing farmers as well as versed with the latest trends in Agriculture production technology providing technical guidance and specialized services to our customers. Deposits NBP is the largest bank in terms of deposit. Our large clientele and confidence of our depositors belonging to all walks of life is a major strength. We have shown appreciable growth of 18% in deposits on YoY basis which is significant from the view point that with the consolidation in the banking sector competition for deposits is ever increasing. We are branding our liability products and will continue to AIOU T-520728 26 develop new liability side products for continuing our leadership position in this business. This year we introduced three new liability products; NBP Premium Saver account, NBP Premium Mahana Amdani account and NBP Enhanced Saver account. These schemes have received excellent response from the customers and we expect healthy growth in future under these and new products that the bank is going to launch on the liability side. Given the large base and competition in the banking sector, the bank’s performance is commendable in increasing its deposits by Rs. 0 billion especially low cost deposits. Special Assets Management With a provision coverage of 84% we believe that going forward our Special Assets Man agement Group will make major contribution towards the Bank’s profitability through recoveries and reversal of provision charge as a result of declassification / rescheduling. We have revamped our special assets management business and have coordinated our efforts to expedite recoveries and settlements. AIOU T-520728 27 International Operations NBP has the largest international franchise in terms of Assets. We are present in four continents and have branches in all the countries that are major trading partners of Pakistan. Our unique coverage of Central Asia, Fareast and South Asia is incomparable and we will be the major benefactor once the trade business from the Energy rich Central Asian Republics picks up. The bank is planning to start operations in Saudi Arabia (mid 2008) and further expand our branches in Afghanistan and Bangladesh. The bank’s international operations strategy is focused towards increasing trade business and expand where the bank has competitive advantage. Islamic Banking The year 2007 marked the first year of Islamic banking operations. During the year under review, in addition to active participation in various Sukuk transactions, two more Islamic banking branches at Lahore and Peshawar started operations. NBP’s plans for the year 2008 include opening of Faisalabad and Rawalpindi branches with the focus on growing organically by opening more standalone Islamic banking branches, utilizing NBP’s existing branch network of 1,200 plus conventional branches and looking into strategic acquisitions for expansion in this field. AIOU T-520728 28 Treasury NBP has the largest treasury in terms of size. We are a major player in the foreign exchange and money markets and are a primary dealer of government securities. We have the capabilities to offer structured products to our customers as per their needs. Financial Institution and Cash Management NBP offers correspondent banking services through its overseas branches and more than 500 correspondent banks across the globe under the umbrella of Financial Institutions Cash Management Division. Our strategy is to build strong, long-term, multi-level relationship with financial institutions. We are optimally utilizing our extensive domestic branch network by offering structured products to our corporate customers. NBP has taken various measures to facilitate overseas Pakistanis to bring their home remittance back to the country in a convenient and efficient manner. AIOU T-520728 29 Operations We are committed and focused towards good quality customer service and in 2007 with the motto of ‘Putting as smile on our Customers face’; we made concerted efforts and took a number of initiatives. Workshops and seminars were conducted to disseminate the very important message of â€Å"excellent customer service†. We are transforming our branches to give a modern look and convenience. A number of branches have been shifted to prominent and spacious locations. We also have established specialized customer facilitation centers to exclusively cater to pension payments, utility and government collections. These are expected to reduce counter traffic at our branches and will increase our distribution channels for better and convenient services. Business hours have been extended with establishment of customer facilitation offices at the regional levels to help on the spot resolution of customer complaints. AIOU T-520728 30 Information Technology Today banking is becoming more and more mechanized and it is the I. T. support that can improve the customer service and reduce cost at the same time. At NBP we have elaborated plans for transformation of the entire I. T. architecture of the bank by implementing core banking solutions. The said echnology will not only increase our distribution capabilities by many folds but will also simplify our internal procedures thereby reducing the transactional cost and lead time for service. NBP has started a num ber of projects in relation to I. T. structure up-gradation. The bank is expanding its ATM network and connectivity to further expand our reach to the customers. This year we completed our automation of the government’s tax collection services thereby opening new opportunities for such services on behalf of other organizations. NBP is also looking into other I. T. products for salary and pension disbursements and E banking for better services. AIOU T-520728 31 Human Resource For NBP our dedicated staff is a key strength. NBP has been investing in developing this valuable HR through need base training and career growth development. Our objective is to become an employer of choice and to maintain complete industrial harmony within the institution. Our new hiring of top class MBAs as Management Trainee Officers (MTOs) and search for talent within the bank has helped in preparing second and third tier leadership lines which will shape our succession planning process and at the same time will ensure that with the passage of time our employee refinement and skill enrichment program continues. We also have started new ‘Employee communication program’ and internal organizational magazine to improve the interaction of top and middle level management with the lower management. Female employees are being encouraged through female empowerment program under which they are given responsible and challenging assignments. Currently over 60 females are employed as branch managers all over the country and some females hold senior management positions. AIOU T-520728 32 Credit and risk management NBP is continuously upgrading its risk management process to identify, evaluate and manage risk. During the year the bank established an Operational Risk Management Unit to supplement its already established Credit and Market risk units for comprehensive risk management. Our risk management in terms of adoption of Basel II guidelines is on time and is advancing smoothly with completion of internal gap analysis. Our Credit management system is based on elaborated risk assessment and credit rating system to ensure a very objective and timely assessment of each proposal. We have our internal filtration systems and approval hierarchy to ensure that proper authority and responsibility is established and at the same time to reduce the lead processing time of the credit application. We have proper monitoring system and have also setup a separate Credit Administration Department (CAD) to further improve our credit monitoring function. AIOU T-520728 33 ACCOUNTING SYSTEM OF THE ORGANIZATION These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with approved accounting standards as applicable in Pakistan. Approved accounting standards comprise of such International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) issued by the International Accounting Standards Board and Islamic Financial Accounting Standards (IFAS) issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan as are notified under the Companies Ordinance, 1984, the requirements of the Companies Ordinance, 1984, the Banking Companies Ordinance, 1962 or directives issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan and the State Bank of Pakistan. Wherever the requirements of the Companies Ordinance, 1984, the Banking Companies Ordinance, 1962 or directives issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan and the State Bank of Pakistan differ with the requirements of IFRS or IFAS, the requirements of the Companies Ordinance, 1984, the Banking Companies Ordinance, 1962 or the requirements of the said directives prevail. The financial results of the Islamic banking branches of the Bank have been consolidated in th ese financial statements for reporting purposes, after eliminating intra branch transactions / balances. Key financial figures of the Islamic banking branches are disclosed in note 42 to these financial statements. AIOU T-520728 34 During the year, the Bank has increased its authorised share capital from Rs. 7,500 million (750,000,000 ordinary shares of Rs. 10/- each) to Rs. 10,000 million (1,000,000,000 ordinary shares of Rs. 10/- each) as approved by shareholders in their general meeting held on April 02, 2007. National Bank of Pakistan (the bank) was incorporated in Pakistan under the National Bank of Pakistan Ordinance,1949 and is listed on all the stock exchanges in Pakistan. Its registered and head office is situated at I. I. Chundrigar Road, Karachi. The bank is engaged in providing commercial banking and related services in Pakistan and overseas. The bank also handles treasury transactions for the Government of Pakistan (GoP) as an agent to the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP). The bank operates 1,243 (2006: 1,232) branches in Pakistan and 18 (2006: 18)overseas branches (including the Export Processing Zone branch, Karachi). Under a Trust Deed, the bank also provides services as trustee to National Investment Trust (NIT) including safe custody of securities on behalf of NIT. In accordance with the directives of the Federal Government of Pakistan regarding the shifting of the banking system to Islamic modes, the SBP has issued various circulars from time to time. Permissible form of trade related mode of financing includes purchase of goods by the bank from their customers and immediate resale to them at appropriate mark-up in price on deferred payment basis. AIOU T-520728 35 The purchases and sales arising under these arrangements are not reflected in these financial statements as such but are restricted to the amount of facility actually utilized and the appropriate portion of mark-up thereon. The US Dollar amounts shown on the balance sheet, profit and loss account and cash flow statement are stated as additional information solely for the convenience of readers. For the purpose of conversion to US Dollars, the rate of Rs. 62. 0 to one US Dollar has been used for both 2007 and 2006 as it was the prevalent rate as on December 31, 2007. These financial statements are separate financial statements of the bank in which the investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures are accounted for at cost and hence not on the basis of reporte d results and net assets of the investees. AIOU T-520728 36 FINANCE SYSTEM OF THE ORGANIZATION The Head office of the National bank of pakistan controls all financial activities and system of NBP. All financing decisions, capital budgeting decisions and processing on real and financial assets are major responsibilities of finance department of NBP. Necessary future plans and projects are analyzed and selected as per their positive results i. e; (Investment decision) start Islamic branches. of new conventional and Lending and borrowing decisions are also made as per loans, interest rates, time period and lending agencies and banks etc. Necessary sanctions of write-off and depreciation rate are also issued by the finance department. Finance department also plays a vital role in coordination, with dividend policy matters, internal and external auditors and share registrars. Pensions, insurance, preparation of budget and taxation dealings are also important factors of NBP finance department. Finance department of the NBP takes all financing decisions relating to the new investment in the country or in foreign country NBP involves in all Government financial decision making and also provide finance to the Government and Government agencies AIOU T-520728 37 Charts of Finance/Accounts Chief financial officer CFO (EVP) Financial accounts SVP Taxation VP Equity investment VP Manager finance North Manager finance South Manager taxation North Manager taxation South Manager Eqt inv North Manager Eqt inv South AIOU T-520728 38 Chart Of Audit Group Chief Of Audit (SEVP) Internal Audit Dept VP Admin (AIG) AVP Systems support VP EDP Audit Dept VP Monitoring Dept VP AIOU T-520728 39 ROLE OF FINANCIAL MANAGER IN NBP The financial plays a vital role in a banking company. The main role of the of manager is to see external factors like pestel framework of the company he is a team player in the overall effort of a company to create value. The key responsibility of the financial manager is to adapt change, raise funds, invest in the assets. and manage wisely all financial matter. Three things which financial manager does: Investment decisions Financing decision Asset management Financial manager in NBP or CFO takes all financial decision NBP investment banking focuses on origination and execution of project finance. Corporate finance. And acquisitions and mergers assignment associated with financing solutions. Financial manager also takes a steps with the provisions coverage of 84% we believe that our special assets management group will make major contributions towards the bank profitability through recoveries and reversal of provisions. Financial in NBP takes a decisions about where we invest our capital which investment give us better profit and also takes a AIOU T-520728 40 decision about what kind of assets we will buy which is best utilize for our operations. He also concentrate and maintained balance in advance to general public and deposits and use asset management liability approaches. AIOU T-520728 41 USE OF ELECTRONIC DATA IN DECISION MAKING Mostly offices of NBP are well equipped with computers and EDP facilities. Data is recorded on CDs and these CDs are sent to Finance department. Director. This data is fed in a main SERVER for use of different sections in decision making. For example balances of General Provident Fund, House Building Advance and Motor Cycle/Car Advances, Pay roll, etc are needed in pension section to prepare final emoluments of a retiring employee. This requisite information’s are taken from this SERVER (Book Budget Record Section) for necessary decision. NBP has a sound MIS System which helps all other departments in decision making and also to preserve it for future needs. Recently, the organization provides a separate internet connection to all its officers, so that they may connect to higher management regularly, keep their knowledge fresh about organization strategies/affairs and also for correspondence to other officers and higher management. AIOU T-520728 42 Sources of funds Funds are mainly generated through two main sources Decrease in assets Sale of fixed assets Redemption of long term investment Reduction trade debtor Increase in claim Deposits Long term loans Short term loans Equity (stocks + retained earning) AIOU T-520728 43 Generation of funds Following are the major sources of funds of NBP 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Issued, subscribed and paid up capital. Long term and short term loans Income from operations Funds from securities Funds from Gross provident Funds Income from its subsidiaries in foreign domestic Interest on loans Sale of treasury bills Profit on investment Securities as collateral Borrowing from financial institution Issuance of bonus shares, right shares, preferred shares Issuance of different types of bonds, debentures, Income from leased assets Return on repurchase agreement Sale of securities Letter of credit Income from derivative securities AIOU T-520728 44 Allocation of funds In NBP funds are allocated by a sound system of charts of accounts. All the Drawing and Disbursing Officers are assigned their specific code-range through which necessary budgets and grants are allocated. All the heads have also their code numbers which is easy to computerize. 1) All the current assets allocate in current liabilities and current advances 2) All the short term funds allocated in short term investments 3) All the long term funds and loans invested and utilizes in long term investment and in long term projects according to principles of assets liabilities management 4) Funds are allocated in domestic foreign investment 5) Dividend payments 6) Financial cost (Interest markup payments) 7) Operating expenses 8) Fixed assets (purchasing of buildings, fixture and furniture) 9) Tax payments 10) Marketing and product promotion AIOU T-520728 45 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THEORETICAL CONCEPTS RELATING TO PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES (FINANCE DEPARTMENT) In my opinion, The Finance Department of the NBP has complied with all the material requirements of the Code of Corporate Governance. Proper accounting system is followed to record, classify, and summarize accounting data and information in conformity to Companies Ordinance 1984 and International Accounting Standards as applicable in Pakistan. My findings are as follow: Proper books of accounts of the company have been maintained. The financial statements prepared by the management of the Company present fairly its state of affairs, the result of its operations. Appropriate ccounting policies have been consistently applied in the preparation of financial statements and accounting estimates are based on reasonable and prudent judgment. International Accounting standards, as applicable in Pakistan, have been followed in the preparation of financial statements and any departure there fro m has been adequately disclosed. The system of internal controls is sound in design and has been effectively implemented and monitored. There are no significant doubts about the company’s ability to continue as a going concern. AIOU T-520728 46 There has been no material departure from the best practices of corporate governance, as detailed in the listed regulations. The NBP is not fully computerized yet and for this reason there are few problems like slow reporting, less efficiency, etc. further more all employees of finance department do not have sufficient computer skills to carry out the routing work of the finance department on computer based system which in turn reduces the overall efficiency of the finance department of the company. The company is not providing any proper training to the staff of finance department on new technologies to update their knowledge which also affects the performance of the finance department. All accounts and finance offices are not interconnected due to this reason communication between these departments gets slow that affects performance of the department. Receivable management of the company is not very good as there are huge amounts of outstanding bills are over due and yet to be collected. AIOU T-520728 47 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS Financial Analysis is crucial for understanding the working of any organization. Any business whether it possesses extremely popularity but cannot survive without proper financial management and that can be done through analysis of its statements. I have made financial analysis of National bank so that I can have better understanding and knowledge about the organization where I did my internship. I have focused on: Ratio analysis Financial statements are necessary for financial analysis as they give us the true figures. Statements that I needed for analysis of National bank are: Balance Sheet – Financial Position Profit and Loss Account - Financial Performance BALANCE SHEET Balance sheet contains assets, liabilities and shareholders equity and tells us about financial position of the firm. PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT Profit and loss account shows incomes and expenditures of the organization and tells about financial performance of the firm. I have made analysis on the basis of last five years for assessing the current year’s position and performance. The statements of the bank for the financial year 2003 to 2007 are as under. AIOU T-520728 48 Interpretation of horizontal analysis Horizontal analysis of balance sheet can be supplemented by the expression of items relative to a base year. For National Bank of Pakistan the base year is 2003, for example comparing NBP cash bank balance in 2004 is (94,446,552) with cash bank balance in the base year 2003 is (64,232,588) the index would be 94,446,552-64,232,558 *100 = 47. 03% 64,232,558 All the other calculation is based on this formula we calculate the data of five year. As we see the analysis the change in percentage is clearly show the change in the items of balance sheet year to year. As we see in the analysis the cash bank balance is increase 47% in 2004 but gradually it is increasing with decrease rate and at the end in 2007 it is increases 48% this is due to change in liquidity of the bank. Balances with other bank is increases 26% in 2004 and decreases in the remaining year which effect assets. Lending to financial institution is increasing continuously and highest increase in year 2006. n the other hand investment is decreasing continuously and increase in last year which is good sign. Advances to the customer is also continuously increasing and high in 2007, this is increases due to increase in deposits of the bank as more the advances the more interest earned which ultimately increase the profit. The bank fixed assets and other assets is also continuously increases. On the other side (liability) of balance sheet analysis shows the bill payable is increasing through out the five year which increase the liability of bank, the borrowing of bank from financial institution is highest increases in 2004 and decrease in the remaining year as compared to base year. he tax liability of bank is also increases in 2004 2005 but decreases in 2006 2007 which is good impact on whole liability. Liability against lease assets is high in the year 2007 . the deposits of the bank is sharply increases which is life blood for bank and good impact on bank financial position this deposits is increase due to attraction and confidence of customer on this National bank and bank in the position to advances and ge t profit. If we see as a whole the bank total liability is increasing from 2003 to 2007 but bank assets is also increases with high rate from 2003 to 2007 which strengthens the position of bank. On the other hand share holder equity is also increasing during five years as well as reserve of bank is also increased. ver all bank going in positive and booming position in five year and its deposits increase sharply due to this increase finance department take good decision and utilized it into investment, advances and in operating activities which give lot of return in terms of interest earned and profit on investment. AIOU T-520728 49 AIOU T-520728 50 Interpretation of vertical analysis In the vertical or common-size analysis, we express the different components of a balance sheet as percentage of total assets of the bank and total liability of the bank. These are obtained by following method : 64,232,588 *100 =13. 7% 468,972,871 In the above analysis of balance sheet it shows that how the items of balance sheet change in terms of total assets and total liabilities. In the year 2003 the cash balance of bank is 13. 7% that show the good position of liquidity. And it is increased in 2004 and decreased in 2005 and remains constant in remaining year. It is decrease due to utilization in operating activity and mark up expenses. Same situation as bank balances high in 2004 and continuously decreases due to operating expenses. because expenses continuously increases during past five years. Lending to financial institution is high in 2006 as percentage of total these lending includes call money, repurchase agreement and bands higher the lending higher the return in terms of interest or capital cost. If we see in liabilities side as the deposits increases the lending is also increases. that show the management of finance department. Investment is also increases in terms total assets of bank finance department proper utilizes the assets of bank by investing the deposits of bank these investment is purchasing the different trading and market securities which give maximum return. Advances of NBP is increases continuously in terms of total assets. it is also related to liability against. advances increases due to increased deposits as the deposits percentage as total liabilities increases advances increases and it is also due to in time decision of finance department that utilization their deposits wisely in advances these advances includes the cash, credit loans, consumer loan secured and unsecured advances and short term, long term loans and foreign loans. AIOU T-520728 51 In liabilities side the main items we see is deposits which is 90% of total liabilities through out the five year which show its importance in whole financial statements, which life blood of bank. deposits includes the saving, current, and other types of deposits which show customer show confidence of NBP. In the assets side of balance sheet three items includes investment, advances and liquid assets is 75% of total assets through the five years. It is also directly related to deposits of bank and we can say in one word â€Å"deposits is utilized in advances, investment and liquid assets. without deposits we can’t runs NBP†. RATIO ANALYSIS Ratio analysis includes calculating different ratios for the organization of the figures taken from its financial statements. The basic purpose of ratio analysis is that absolute figures often give misleading image so comparison with other figures is necessary which can be done through ratio analysis. Liquidity ratio AIOU T-520728 52 Liquidity ratio are used to measure a firm’s ability to meet short term obligations, they compare short term obligations with short term resources available to meet these obligations, Current ratio Definition Current assets divided by current liabilities. it shows a firm ability to cover its current liabilities with its current assets. FORMULA = CURRENT CURRENT In millions ASSETS LIABILITY 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 AIOU T-520728 53 0 5 , 4 2 8 1 7 5 , 2 1 0 =1. 74 3 1 5 , 8 6 8 1 9 1 , 4 5 6 =1. 64 3 1 8 , 9 9 9 1 8 9 , 5 4 8 =1. 68 3 4 2 , 1 1 2 2 0 4 , 2 1 1 =1. 675 4 7 2 , 4 5 6 2 3 8 , 4 2 1 =1. 98 Interpretation As we see in the above analysis current ratio is high in 2003 and then deceasing and at the end in 2007 it is at high level. Which is very healthy sign. Current ratio which is more than (gt;1) is positive sign. It shows bank have sufficient current assets to meet current obligation. Debt equity ratio Ratios that show the extent to which the firm is financed by debt it is simply computed by as follows Formula = Total debt Shareholders equity In millions AIOU T-520728 54 0 0 3 2004 2005 2006 2007 4 4 2 , 1 4 8 1 8 , 1 3 6 =24. 37 5 0 6 , 9 8 5 2 4 , 8 9 9 =20. 36 5 0 3 , 3 7 8 3 6 , 1 5 8 =13. 92 5 5 3 , 1 7 8 5 3 , 0 4 4 =10. 42 6 4 5 , 8 5 5 6 9 , 2 7 0 =9. 32 Interpretation As we see in above analysis debt to equity ratio gradually decreases which shows positive sign for creditors because creditors like this ratio to be low. The lower the ratio the higher the firm financing that is being provided by shareholders. Banks debt to equity ratio usually high in value and greater than (gt;1). Debt to total assets The d ebt to total assets ratio is divided by dividing a firm’s total debt by its total assets FORMULA = TOTAL TOTAL DEBT ASSETS 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 AIOU T-520728 55 4 4 2 , 1 4 8 4 6 8 , 9 7 2 =0. 942 5 0 6 , 9 8 5 5 5 3 , 2 3 3 =0. 916 5 0 3 , 3 7 8 5 7 7 , 7 2 1 =0. 871 5 5 3 , 1 6 8 6 3 5 , 1 3 4 =0. 870 6 4 5 , 8 5 6 7 6 2 , 1 9 5 =0. 847 Interpretation This ratio serves a similar purpose to the debt to equity ratio it highlights the relative importance of debt financing to the firm by showing the percentage of the firms assets that is supported by debt financing. The above analysis shows ratio is continuously decreasing from 2003 to 2007 which is healthy sign it is because of increasing in the assets of bank. It shows company is secured . In 2003 the 94% of the assets is financed with debts whether in 2007 84% of the assets is financed with debts. This analysis also shows the financial risk of banks decreasing from 2003 to 2007 due to decrease in ratio. Coverage ratio Ratios that relate the financial charger of a firm to its ability to service or cover them Interest coverage ratio Earning before interest and taxes divided by interest charges it indicates a firm’s ability to cover interest charges. AIOU T-520728 56 FORMULA = EBIT INTEREST EXPENSE 2003 1 4 5 , 9 9 2 5 5 , 8 9 6 =2. 61 2004 1 8 , 5 3 6 6 , 5 5 9 =2. 82 2005 2 9 , 3 7 7 1 , 3 2 1 =2. 85 2006 4 0 , 2 5 7 1 3 , 9 4 7 =2. 89 007 4 5 , 0 0 0 1 6 , 9 4 0 =2. 65 Interpretation This ratio serves as one measure of the firm’s ability to meet interest expense and avoid bankruptcy. The above analysis shows that coverage ratio is low in 2003 and 2007 but in high in remaining years. In simple higher the ratio greater bank ability to cover its interest pa yments. Year 2004,2005,2006 is better than 2007 because of greater ratio. The last year (2007) is not good for bank. This is happened because of decrease in EBIT , AIOU T-520728 57 Return on equity ROE compares net profit after taxes with the equity that shareholders have invested in the firm AIOU T-520728 58 FORMULA = NET PROFIT AFTER TAXES SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY 2003 4 , 1 9 8 1 8 , 1 3 4 2004 6 , 1 9 5 2 4 , 8 9 9 2005 1 2 , 7 0 9 3 6 , 1 5 8 2006 1 7 , 0 2 2 5 3 , 0 4 4 2007 1 9 , 0 3 3 6 9 , 2 7 0 =23. 15% =25% =35% =32% =27. 48% Interpretation . A high return on equity often reflects the firm’s acceptance of strong investment opportunity and effective expense management. In the above analysis the ratio is low in 2003 and 2007 and high in the remaining years. The ratio is increasing in 2004,2005,2006 because of increasing in profit and in the remaining year (2003,2007) the ratio decreasing because of less increasing in the profit and increase in the shareholder equity. AIOU T-520728 59 Return on assets Its measure overall effectiveness in generating profits with available assets ROA OR ROI are both the same it can be obtained by the following formula AIOU T-520728 60 FORMULA = NET PROFIT A F T E R TA X E S TO TA L ASSETS 2 0 0 3 4 , 1 9 8 * 1 0 0 2 0 0 4 6 , 1 9 5 * 1 0 0 5 5 3 , 2 3 1 = 1 . 1 2 % 2 0 0 5 1 2 7 , 1 0 9 * 1 0 0 2 0 0 6 1 7 , 0 2 2 * 1 0 0 2 0 0 7 1 9 , 0 3 3 * 1 0 0 4 6 8 , 9 7 2 = 0 . 9 0 % 5 7 7 , 7 1 9 = 2 . 2 % 6 3 5 , 1 3 4 = 2 . 6 8 % 7 6 2 , 1 9 3 = 2 . 4 9 % Interpretation It is also called earning power of the firm if there is an increase in turnover on assets an increase in the net profit margin or both. Earning power of the bank increased . In the above analysis return on assets is continuously increasing but little decrease in the last year (2007). the 2. 49% earning power means every rupee invested in the assets return 2. 49% in profit (PAT). The increase in ROA is because increase in profit after tax and decrease in the last year is because of less increase in profit (PAT) and more increase in asset 61 AIOU T-520728 Net profit ratio Ratio that relates profits to investment. it shows firm overall effectiveness of operation, it is calculated by following formula AIOU T-520728 62 FORMULA = NET PROFIT AFTER TAX NET MARKUP/INTEREST AFTER PROVISION 003 4,198 * 100 11,264 =52. 51% 2004 6,195 * 100 12,639 =49. 01% 2005 12,709 * 100 21,088 =60. 26% 2006 17,022 * 100 27,782 =61. 27% 2007 19,033 * 100 28,906 =65. 84% Interpretation It tells firm net income per dollar of interest after provision in the above analysis, it shows the net profit ratio constantly increasing and show high growth i n year 2007. Analysis with other banks AIOU T-520728 63 BANKS NET ASSETS MCB HBL UBL NBP SONERI KASB 56 billions 12 billion PER 24. 30 63. 2 billion 11 billion 14. 49 48 billion 9. 23 billion 10. 38 1. 16 trillion 20 billion 23. 34 6. 6 b 4. 2b PROFIT/LOSS AFTER TAX EARNING SHARE 1. 03 b 2. 43 -10 karore . 90 Explanation National bank of Pakistan is leading Bank of Pakistan as compared to other banks and financial institution in Pakistan, there are approximately 100 companies listed in stock exchange KSE, and their creditability is determined with their earning per share and other parameters there are some banks data is given below which shows national bank is Leading, one. fi we see the above table it shows net assts of national bank is high as compared to other’s and profit after tax is also high which is 20 billion, and if we see the earning per share it is also the 2nd one, so as overall it is better financial analysis than other. In Pakistan OGDC (Oil and gas development corporation) and steel mill is the greater volume assets companies if we compare the national bank to these companies in my point of view national bank gets 3rd position out of them. which is greater honor for this bank. AIOU T-520728 64 FUTURE PROSPECTS OF THE ORGANIZATION The overall analysis shows that company is in good condition throughout the analysis years 2003- 2007. The 2007 is the golden year for the company because in this year the company earns maximum profit. During this year the Operating Cost was minimum and its Operating Profit was maximum. Earning per share is also increasing during five years for the stock holders and the persons interested in NBP investment. Future Prospects of the Organization is to get more and more profit for its share holder by increasing revenue and operating profit by reducing its operating costs. NBP is a leading bank in Pakistan with its extensive networks all out the country. There are now fifty other banking companies in competition with NBP but NBP is the growing and leading bank in the Pakistan and go in the positive direction and if I say that it is the assets of Pakistan and has strategic important. it is also included world best bank, best in Asia. If we see the National Bank Of Pakistan in future it is very bright now NBP also starts Islamic banking which shows growth of bank is going in positive direction, it is an era of Islamic banking every bank open its Islamic branches and new Islamic bank comes in Pakistan. NBP is also face competition in Islamic banking as a whole it is the crocodile of Pakistan banking system in domestic and foreign. It has large amount of assets and earn highest profit in banking of Pakistan so it can use their resources wisely and gain confidence in foreign country and attract foreign customer, and have capacity to grow in foreign market. AIOU T-520728 65 Short falls /weaknesses of the finance department High interest expense Bank must emphasis on interest expense. because interest expense increase during last four year due to this bank interest coverage ratio decreases and bank ability to cover interest expense reduce. SHAREHOLDER EQUITY Bank equity not increase as compared to their liability increase in the previous year. EARNING PER SHARE AIOU T-520728 66 Earning per share not increase as compared to their profit bank are not providing or not transferred the benefit to their share holder it is also seen that ROE is decreases which means bank ability of getting opportunity is decrease. INVESTMENT Investment of the bank give less benefit and give negative cash flow. In overall cash from investing activating is decrease due to wrong policy of the finance department Recovery collection NBP Recovery collection system is weak and there is political influence in the bank matter which effect the decision making system of higher management. Capital budgeting NBP uses old financial techniques capital budgeting techniques. Banks uture planning is not up to date due. Bank capital budgeting performance is so low and they don’t give proper evaluation of investment. Consumer financing Finance department don’t emphasis on the consumer sector and consumer product. Different bank launching credit card and personal loans and earn intere st but national bank didn’t introduce these product during last year they only concentrate on corporate sector. AIOU T-520728 67 Foreign investment NBP don’t concentrate on foreign investment their investment is not diversified which is necessary to secure the bank from financial crisis in the period of domestic financial crisis of the country. Suggestions Diversified investment Bank must be concentrate on diversified investment, they must invest in different sector to minimize the risk if one sector is in crisis and give no return then we rely on other due to diversified investment foreign investment is also one tips of diversified investment if our economy is weak then we earn from foreign investment. Improve Consumer financing Consumer financing is must to earn maximum interest because it is an era of launching consumer product to attract the customer attention consumer financing is give high return in short period of time it includes following Credit card Debit card Auto loan Personal loan AIOU T-520728 68 Decrease account receivable To decrease possibility of bad debts bank should concentrate on recovery and collection of advances given to industrial and public sector. It also decrease our account receivable. Capital budgeting Bank should improve their capital budgeting department efficiency for taking good decision on investment and loan that what investment give better result and what loans has less effective rate. Assets Liability management Bank should adopt asset liability management techniques to abstain possible crisis they should use current assets to promote current liability and long term assets for long term liability Increase Interest rate Bank must increase interest rate on advances because NBP follow discount rate and get less profit on their IRR so it change the policy and follow KIBOR (Karachi inter bank offer rate). Reduce interest expense Bank should reduce their interest expense to increase the interest coverage ratio and avoid the bankruptcy they their interest expenses by taking less loan from AIOU T-520728 69 SBP and other financial institution and rely on their own . Increase earning per share(EPS) Bank must increase their EPS by increasing their profit to attract the shareholders attention Training session Management must conduct training session for financial department to give them overview of financial analysis and teach them the way for improving performance of finance department. Higher financial professional New blood specially finance specialist (Mba finance certified financial analyst (Cfa) should be injected and young professionals should be recruited on merit to induce enthusiasm in the bank. Customers should be focus of all activities to boost up the business. Conclusion In short I resulted during my internship in National bank of Pakistan and it can be concluded from the above prepared Internship Report, I concluded that the Banks’ use their own software for each and every department as for example National bank is using at present BANKING SOFTWARE system of accounting PMS (Payroll Management System) in the payroll section. There is confusion about using such accounting software because the student has learned other applications like MS-Excel and MS-Word for such purposes. AIOU T-520728 70 Management of bank always desire to be efficient. I observed that the management of National bank tries its best to hire the services of a person at no cost to the Bank as I was hired for my internship. I also observed that the employees of the Bank try their best to defend their job in the Bank and for this they use any means or methods. Also this report and internship has helped me very much to enter in the practical life since I was required to submit the same report to the Bank as well. The Practical Life of a person is quite different from Academic Life. In the academic life the student is required to learn from the class lectures, notes, and projects or home assignments assigned during the course. But in

Determination Of Chlorinated Phenols Based On Chromatographic Techniques Biology Essay Essays

Determination Of Chlorinated Phenols Based On Chromatographic Techniques Biology Essay Essays Determination Of Chlorinated Phenols Based On Chromatographic Techniques Biology Essay Essay Determination Of Chlorinated Phenols Based On Chromatographic Techniques Biology Essay Essay Chlorinated phenols are well-known environmental pollutants which are widely distributed in natural Waterss and dirts because of their extended use in many industrial and agricultural procedures such as the industry of plastics, dyes, drugs, antiseptics, germicides, intermediates in chemical production and pesticides. In add-on, Chlorophenols ( CPs ) are besides generated during the chlorine intervention of imbibing H2O [ 29 ] and every bit good as by the debasement of phenoxy weedkillers. Because to their toxicity in aquatic life and hapless biotreatability, US Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) have included chlorophenols in their lists of precedence pollutants and considered as of import environmental hazards. The European Community statute law has besides set maximal admissible phenols concentration of 0.5 ng/mL in tap H2O [ 7 ] . In Taiwan, serious pollutions of CPs in dirt and H2O have been reported due to assorted industrial and agricultural activi ties [ 1 ] . On this footing, the finding of this category of compounds in the environment is of great importance. Therefore, an accurate and sensitive method is required for the finding of CPs in environmental samples. Most of the analytical methods for finding of CPs are based on chromatographic techniques such as high public presentation liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) [ 8-10 ] , gas chromatography ( GC ) [ 11-13 ] and capillary cataphoresis [ 14,15 ] . In GC analysis, because of high mutual opposition of CPs compounds, they lend to wide, tailed extremums, and these effects led to high sensing bounds. To avoid this drawback, the CPs have to be derivatized with a suited derivatization reagent before injection into the GC. On the other manus, HPLC is a good option technique, in which isocratic or gradient elution can be used to divide the phenolic compounds and it has been widely used for the separation and finding of CPs [ 30-33 ] , and is frequently coupled with assorted sensors such as UV ( UV ) [ 31,34 ] , fluorescence [ 35 ] , and electrochemical [ 36 ] . However, because of the comparatively low concentrations of most CPs and the built-in complexness in environmental H2O samples, a preconcentr ation measure normally becomes necessary, prior to their analysis. Over the past decennaries, Liquid-liquid extraction ( LLE ) [ 13 ] and solid-phase extraction ( SPE ) [ 14 ] are the most widely used techniques for the preconcentration of CPs in environmental samples. Normally, both the techniques needs an appreciable sum of toxic dissolver for extraction or elution stairss, and the extracted dissolvers are required to vaporize to concentrate the sample and reconstitution for the subsequent HPLC analysis which are time-consuming, boring, and risky to the operators and consequence in menace to the environment. In the last decennary, there is an emerging tendency towards the miniaturisation of chemical analysis systems which consists of several distinguishable advantages such as rapid analysis, simplification and smaller sample volume. Furthermore, an environmentally friendly characteristic of the miniaturized analysis systems is that the ingestion of reagents is reduced. Solid-phase microextraction ( SPME ) technique has been developed as a simple, rapid, and less solvent ingestion procedure [ 9 ] typically applied to CP trying [ 10-12 ] . SPME is largely combined with GC-flame ionisation sensing ( FID ) or GC-mass spectroscopy ( MS ) for analysis ; nevertheless, derivatization is normally still required in this technique. When SPME is coupled to HPLC or CE, a solvent desorption measure is required to retrieve all sorbed analytes and to avoid transfer. Owing to these grounds, most current applications of SPME are limited to non-polar or average polar compounds [ 19 ] . Recently, a fast, simple, cheap and virtually solvent less sample readying method was developed for the preconcentration of the mark pollutants from H2O, this technique is known as single-drop microextraction ( SDME ) [ 20-24 ] . It is a miniaturisation of the traditional liquid-liquid extraction ( LLE ) technique, which is based on the extraction of analytes in a mirolitre bead of a H2O non-miscible dissolver is suspended in the acerate leaf of a microsyringe that can be straight immersed in the aqueous sample ( DI-SDME ) or in its headspace ( HS-SDME ) [ 33 ] . When the extraction finished, the microdrop is retracted back into the microsyringe and injected to the instrument such as gas chromatograph ( GC ) and high public presentation liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) for farther analysis. The research group of Lee farther developed this technique by presenting the constructs of inactive and dynamic microextraction combined with GC [ 11-13 ] . This technique is inexpensive and there i s minimum exposure to toxic organic dissolvers. SDME has been applied for the finding of organochlorine insect powders and organophosphorous insect powders [ 25-34 ] , etc. , . Although organic dissolvers have been normally used as extractants in SDME, a high instability of the bead and hapless preciseness degrees have been reported as a consequence of the organic extractant vaporization and low viscousness. Ionic liquids ( ILs ) emerged as an option to these conventional dissolvers as they present alone and valuable belongingss including low vapor force per unit area, high viscousness or good thermic stableness, moderate dissolvability of organic compounds every bit good as adjustable miscibility and mutual opposition [ 2-5 ] . These belongingss make these dissolvers absolutely suited for SDME since larger and more consistent pull outing volumes can be used [ 34 ] . The ionic liquid-based individual bead microextraction has been antecedently used for the finding of pollutants with HPLC [ 35-37 ] or GC finding [ 38,39 ] . The chief advantages of ILs when used for SDME are that they allow the application of longer trying times every bit good as the usage of larger bead volumes, therefore taking to the development of high-performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) protocols with increased sensitiveness. The pertinence of microwave energy for the extraction of pollutants from environmental samples has been investigated for the last 10 old ages and new analytical methodological analysiss have been developed ( ) . Microwaves straight couple with the analytes present in the sample matrix taking to an instantaneous localised superheating ( In order to shorten the sampling clip of HS-SPME, microwave warming was utilized for the rapid acceleration of vaporisation of analytes from the sample matrix to headspace and rapid analysis was achieved for polychlorinated biphenyls ( ) , organochlorinated pesticides ( ) , pyrethroids ( ) , chlorobenzenes ( ) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( ) in H2O samples. Subsequently on, microwave warming was besides tried coupled with HS-LPME or HS-SDME for the possible betterments in the analysis of semi-volatile pollutants in Waterss [ ] , However, when microwave warming was applied to modify HS-LPME, it resulted in the important vaporization of the extr action dissolver, later impacting extraction duplicability. In order to get the better of the above disadvantage, low volatile ionic liquids were used in microwave assisted HS-SDME to roll up chlorobenzenes from aqueous samples prior to HPLC analysis ( ) . However, due to the declining public presentation of the column, both HPLC and GC are considered inappropriate methods to analyse the species in ionic liquids. In other manus, Yamini and Shamsipur introduced two H2O baths [ 8,9 ] to command the temperature of extractant and sample, severally. This optimized process was successfully applied to pull out and find analytes in H2O samples. But the low temperature of extractant was non truly realized because the ice bath was used to command the temperature of dissolver in the column of microsyringe but non at the tip of microsyringe acerate leaf. Besides the readying of the little extraction device is boring, particular tools are needed, and the duplicability of the device possibly non so good. Second, the solvent microdrop is unstable and easy to fall down from the acerate leaf, particularly when utilizing H2O mixable dissolvers as extractant. In order to increase the bead volume permitted for extraction, different alterations of the needle tip has been proposed, all of them based on increasing the contact country with the bead [ 21-23 ] . Ye et Al. [ 20 ] , was designed a little bell-mouthed extraction device with a 5mm Si gum elastic tubing or Teflon ( PTFE ) tubing, in which 20 _L 1-octantol was used as extractant without their dislodgment from the acerate leaf to preconcentrate weedkillers in H2O samples which showed improved extraction efficiency with high sensitiveness for HPLC analysis. Followed by, Xu et Al. was introduced a conic polypropene PCR tubing alternatively of the needle tip of a microsyringe in which more sum extractant could be suspended in the PCR tubing than microsyringe due to the larger interfacial tenseness. This method was successfully applied to find volatile CPs in existent aqueous samples. However, the extraction efficiency was improved through commanding the temperature of extractant merely by puting an ice bag around the PCR tubing. Besides this attack significantly complicates the experimental apparatus, particular tools are needed, and the duplicability of the device possibly non so good. Furthermore, extraction clip is longer and it should be used merely for extremely volatile analytes with low solvent-headspace distribution invariables due to the elevated temperatures tend to diminish the organic solvent-headspace distribution invariable, ensuing in lower sensitiveness of the finding. The loss of sensitiveness can be avoided if the pull outing dissolver is cooled while the sample is heated. In our old research plants, we demonstrated a fresh LPME method termed one-step microwave assisted controlled-temperature headspace liquid stage microextraction technique utilizing micro-liter sum of organic dissolver and which has been successfully applied for the analysis of chlorophenols and hexachlorocyclohexanes in environmental H2O samples utilizing GC-ECD ( ) . This new method utilizes an external-cooling system which controls the temperature of the heavy cloud of analyte-water vapour formed in the headspace LPME trying zone. It besides prevents the vaporisation of the LPME extraction dissolver. Meanwhile, it earned many virtues such as celerity, simpleness, easy to run, low cost, etc. and is a valuable and environmental friendly method. However, some disadvantages of LPME utilizing hollow fibre membranes, such as ( 1 ) being of a membrane barrier between the beginning ( sample ) stage and receiving ( acceptor ) stage cut down extraction rate and increase extraction clip ; ( 2 ) in two stages LPME extra sum of dissolver is needed for elution of analytes from lms and pores of fibre. Besides this procedure is a clip devouring measure ; ( 3 ) creative activity of air bubbles on the surface of the hollow fibre reduces the conveyance rate and decreases the duplicability of the extraction ; ( 4 ) in existent samples such as piss, effluent, etc. surface assimilation of hydrophobic substances on the fiber surface may barricade the pores. However, to our cognition, there is no study refering with the combination of one-step microwave warming coupled with temperature controlled bell-shape HS-SDME utilizing organic-aqueous mixture extractant for the extraction of chlorophenols analysis utilizing the SDME method. In continuance of our research work, we report here for the first clip the development and pertinence of the unmoved microwave-assisted temperature-controlled headspace single-drop micro-extraction ( MA-TC-HS-SDME ) for the rapid and efficient preconcentration of chlorphenols in complicated environmental aqueous samples towards effectual HPLC-UV finding. The present method reduces the extraction clip and the bounds of sensing values obtained are equal for hint analysis of chlorophenols in environmental H2O samples. The consequence of assorted experimental conditions on the extraction of chlorophenols are investigated and discussed in item. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Reagents and Solutions 2-Chlorophenol ( 2-CP ) , 2,4-Dichlorophenol ( DCP ) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol ( TCP ) were purchased from Aldrich ( Milwaukee, WI, USA ) and 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol ( 2,3,4,6-TeCP ) was obtained from Lancaster Synthesis ( Ward Hill, MA, USA ) . HPLC-grade methyl alcohol, propanone and acetonitrile were obtained from Merck Chemicals ( Darmstadt, Germany ) . Sodium chloride and Na hydrated oxide were obtained from Merck Chemicals. Hydrochloric acid ( 36.4 % ) was from J.T. Baker ( Phillipsburg, USA ) .All chemicals used in the survey were of ACS reagent class. Ultrapure H2O for all aqueous solutions was produced in the research lab utilizing the Barnstead Nanopure H2O system ( Barnstead, New York, USA ) . Stock solutions ( 1 mg/mL of each analyte ) were prepared by fade outing chlorophenols in methonal and stored in brown glass bottles with PTFE-lined cap and kept 4 -C. Working solutions were obtained daily by suitably thining the stock solutions with H2O. Groundwater samples were collected from a deep well in west suburb of Beijing, river H2O samples from the Haihe River in Tianjin, China, effluent at a sewerage outfall of a effluent intervention mill in Beijing and tap H2O samples from our research lab after fluxing for about 5 min. These samples were all stored at the temperature of 4-C. 2.2. Instrumentality The extraction and injection were carried out utilizing a 25 _L HPLC microsyringe ( Shanghai, China ) . A S23-2 digital magnetic scaremonger ( Shanghai Sile Instrument Co. , China ) and a 5mm stirring saloon were used to stir the solution. HPLC analysis was carried out on a LC-10AT liquid chromatography ( Shimadzu, Japan ) with two LC-10ATvp pumps and a SPD-10Avp UV/vis sensor. Chromatographic separations were performed on a VP-ODS C18 column ( 250mm-4.6mm ID, atom size 5 _m ) ( Shimadzu, Japan ) . Data acquisition and procedure were accomplished with a Chromato-solution Light Workstation ( Shimadzu, Japan ) . The nomadic stage was H2O, methyl alcohol and acetonitrile ( 45:33:22, v/v/v ) at the flow rate of 0.6mLmin?1. Detection was set at 223 nanometer. Under these chromatographic conditions, baseline separation can be obtained for the mark compounds. 2.2. Instrumentality Analysis was carried out utilizing HP 5890 ( Hewlett Packard, Pennsylvania, USA ) gas chromatograph equipped with a split/split-less injector and an negatron gaining control sensor ( ECD, 63Ni ) . Compounds were separated on a amalgamate silicon oxide HP-5MS capillary column ( 30m x 0.25mm IDs, 0.25 Â µm movie thickness ) ( Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA ) . Nitrogen was used as bearer gas and make-up gas at flow rates of 1.0 and 55 mL/min, severally. Gas chromatograph was operated in splitless manner with the injector temperature of 250 oC. The oven temperature was maintained at 100 oC for 2 min, and so programmed at 25 oC /min to 250 oC held for 4 min, and eventually 15 oC /min to 280 oC which was held for 4 min. The detached species were measured by negatron gaining control sensor held at 320 oC. A Peak-ABC Chromatography Data Handling System ( Kingtech Scientific, Taiwan ) was used to obtain chromatograms and to execute informations computations. 2.3. Microwave assisted controlled-temperature HS-LPME apparatus In this work, a modified domestic microwave oven ( NE-V27 inverter system, 2450 MHz, Panasonic system ) was used as the microwave energy beginning with a maximal power of 1400 W, which had a hole ( 2 centimeter diameter ) in the centre of the top surface of the microwave oven. A specially designed glass capacitor ( 25 centimeter length and fitted with an interior glass tubing of 1 centimeters diameter ) was placed steadfastly on the hole for the HS-LPME sampling and a go arounding water-hood system embracing a home-made magnetron driven stirrer device ( stirring velocity 500 revolutions per minute ) was placed inside the microwave oven. The glass capacitor and the go arounding water-hood system were connected to an external refrigerated electric bath ice chest machine ( Yih Der BL-720, Taiwan ) in order to command the temperature of headspace LPME trying zone chamber and to cut down the effectual power of microwave irradiation. The apparatus of the unmoved MA-CT-HS-LPME sampling syst em is shown in Figure 1. After the alteration, the effectual powers of microwave irradiation of 126, 170, 210, 249 and 279 W were used in this survey. To avoid escape of microwave irradiation, aluminium foils were wrapped on the inner and outer-walls of the microwave oven at the interface between the microwave organic structure and the headspace trying setup. A microwave leak sensor ( MD-2000, Less EMF, NY, USA ) was used to look into safety facets of the equipment during the experiments. Prior to the experiment, all the glasswork were exhaustively washed with soap solution, de-ionized H2O, propanone, and once more de-ionized H2O and so dried in the oven at 80 oC for 4 hour. A brace of flasks and capacitors was used alternately, because the interior surfaces of flasks and capacitors had to be exhaustively cleaned by propanone and de-ionized H2O between tallies to forestall carryover job from the glasswork apparatus. 2.4. MA-CT-HS-LPME Procedure The polypropene hollow fibre was cut into sections of 1.5-cm length and was washed ultrasonically with propanone for 1 hour. It was so dried and later kept in an organic dissolver ( 1-octanol ) for the impregnation of pores of the hollow fibre. After impregnation, the fibre was removed from 1-octanol and the syringe was aspirated so that the air in the syringe could blush the hollow fibre to take extra organic dissolver from inside the fibre. To construct an LPME investigation, approximately 4.0 milliliters of 1-octanol was taken in a conventional 10 milliliter microsyringe ( SGE Australia, Ringwood, Australia ) , and injected into the hollow fibre section mounted on the needle tip of the microsyringe. After an extraction, the extracted dissolver in hollow fibre was retracted to the barrel of the microsyringe, pushed and retracted for five rhythms. One microliter of the extracted dissolver was taken for GC-ECD analysis. The used hollow fibre was discarded and a new hollow fibre was u sed for each extraction. 10 milliliter of the sample solution was added into a 20-mL cylindrical shaped glass flask and fitted with glass capacitor for the external chilling of the trying zone, along with an LPME device in the headspace as shown in Figure 1. 3. Consequences and treatment There are assorted parametric quantities impacting the unmoved MA-CT-HS-LPME public presentation and efficiency for the finding of DDT and its chief metabolites by GC-ECD, including choice of LPME dissolver, trying place of LPME in the controlled-temperature headspace zone, microwave irradiation power and clip, sample pH and salting-out consequence. These parametric quantities were consistently investigated and the optimum conditions were so established.